Neurological Significance of the Disorders of Vision

Here is a quote from an article entitled "Making Sense of Tourette's," published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Language is learned behavior that must be consciously applied; to speak a language is a volitional act, not an involuntary one. Although such sufferers feel compelled to shout such words and feel helpless to prevent themselves, it is still a conscious, volitional act that does not (generally) occur in a state of unconsciousness (when volition is not possible).

A lesion in the chiasma produces a characteristic field defect depending on whether the lesion begins at the center of the chiasma or from the outer aspect. The former produces bitemporal hemianopsia, eg, Optic nerve glioma. The latter produces binasal hemianopsia, usually due to extrinsic compression by tumor. Lesions in the Optic tract produce contralateral hemianopsia, with absent pupillary light reflex. However, if the pupillary light reflex is preserved then the lesion is either at the geniculate body or in the optic radiation. Involvement of the lower fibers of the optic radiation coursing in the temporal lobe causes contralateral superior quadrantic hemianopsia, and affection of the upper fibers in the parietal lobe causes contralateral inferior quadrantic hemianopsia. Lesions of one occipital lobe cause contralateral hemianopsia with intact pupillary light reflex. Involvement of the upper lip of the calcarine fissure causes inferior quadrantic hemianopsia, and that of the lower lip of the calcarine fissure causes superior quadrantic hemianopsia, and that of the lower lip of the clacarine fissure causes superior quandrantic hemianopsia. Incomplete lesions of the optic tract and radiation usually spare central (macular) vision. A lesion of the tip of one occipital lobe produces a central homonymous hemianopic scotoma since half the macular fibers from both eyes terminate there. Lesions of bot occipital poles as in bilateral posterior cerebral artery embolism cause bilateral central scotoma, and bilateral lesions of the entire calcarine cortex cause cortical blindness.

Children diagnosed with a form of Autism Spectrum Disorders have poor social interaction skills, deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication and stereotype, routine oriented behaviors. Furthermore, children with such disorders experience difficulties in the way they perceive external stimuli. According to the gravity of the disorder, the child will tend to be more or less affected by certain symptoms. People that suffer from Autism Spectrum Disorders have several common traits. However, each individual experiences the disorder in a different way and it is a mistake to try to generalize the symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders to all patients.

The idea of the reflex hammer came about in 1875. Back then, there were no x-rays and other diagnostic imaging tools. Doctors were left to find out what was wrong with the patient by examining the outside of the body. The idea of deep tendon reflexes was mentioned in documents published by Heinrich Erb and Carl Westphal, two physicians studying the idea. Marshall Hall expanded on this idea and found that there are a number of uncontrolled reflexes within the body. To test the reflexes of the knee and other tendons, the first instrument used was the percussion hammer.

Now a days anytime a child is hyper parents think it is ADHD. Between 2-16% of kids in school are diagnosed with ADHD and given medication for this disorder. Many kids however are usually misdiagnosed. Many symptoms of ADHD can be attributed to other disorders, many of which can accompany ADHD. Because such combinations of disorders appear together, this can complicate diagnosis. There are five behavioral symptoms that have been attributed to ADHD, but are actually not symptoms of ADHD directly. Many of these symptoms are misdiagnosed as ADHD when in actuality they are their own disorder and should be treated as such. The five problems are Anxiety, depression, disruptive behavior, learning disabilities, and sensory integration disorder.

People suffering from this daft health disorder mishap psychological and emotional pain. In simple words, patients may feel depressed, or suspicious. They may also lack the proficiency to express their emotions right now. It rap again open to sexual dysfunction.

Some are seen in children associated with strange seizure problems even without obvious intestinal symptoms. A classic specific syndrome is very well recognized associated with epilepsy in both children and adults who have calcifications in their brain that can be detected by CT scan or MRI. Epilepsy is well documented but the studies are confusing enough that there is not a good consensus regarding the risk and recommended screening of all children with epilepsy.

Inability to produce sounds while still able to make syllables and gestures is termed aphonia. This may be organic as a result of bulbar or pseudobulbar palsy or it may be a hysterical phenomenon.